DDIT3 and neurodegenerative disease: CHOP is a member of the C/EBP family of transcription factors and can induce apoptosis via several pathways (McCullough et al., 2001; Novoa et al., 2001; Marciniak et al., 2004; Yamaguchi and Wang, 2004; Lu et al., 2014).Some researchers have found that activation of TLR–TRIF signaling (e.g., by low dose of lipopolysaccharide) can selectively suppress ATF4-CHOP expression under prolonged ER stress, which may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for some degenerative diseases related to activation of CHOP (Woo et al., 2009).