STAT3 and neoplasm: Although constitutively active Stat3 has been shown to directly regulate VEGF-A expression and associated angiogenesis and tumor growth in human pancreatic cancer [41], no effect of IFN-γ on the JAK/Stat3 signaling pathway was demonstrable in BxPC-3 cells, as indicated by a lack of Stat3 tyrosine phosphorylation (Supplementary Figure S1A).