However, randomized placebo-controlled trials of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapies in patients with CHF (i.e. Randomized Etanercept North American Strategy to Study Antagonism of CytokinEs [RENAISSANCE], Etanercept CytOkine Antagonism in VentriculaR dysfunction [RECOVER], and Anti-Tumor necrosis factor Therapy Against Congestive Heart failure [ATTACH]) have been disappointing and showed no clinical benefit34–36. Here, TNF is linked to congestive heart failure.