PPARGC1A and Insulin resistance: To further discern a potential role of posttranslational modification of PGC-1α in ALDH2 transgene-offered protective effect against insulin resistance-induced cardiomyocyte anomalies, isolated murine cardiomyocytes from WT mice were pretreated with 25 ng/ml insulin for 2 hrs to establish insulin resistance in vitro [32, 33].