TNF and Sepsis: Moreover, at 50 μg/kg, TNF-α levels compare with those induced by low dose LPS (100 μg/kg i.p.)and, at 250 μg/kg, levels compare with those induced in mouse LPS (Pavlov et al., 2009) and cecal ligation and puncture (Osuchowski et al., 2006) models of sepsis.