ANXA1 and multiple sclerosis: To investigate the important role of ANXA1 in AD, we first measured the level of ANXA1 in the serum of patients with AD because previous reports showed that ANXA1 is reduced in the blood samples from various types of diseases such as obesity, sepsis, and multiple sclerosis (MS); interestingly, all of these are related to dysfunction of the BBB during the course of the disease (Minagar & Alexander, 2003; Fenton, 2006; Banks, 2008; Cristante et al., 2013; Kosicka et al., 2013; Tsai et al., 2013).