This study aimed to investigate the composition of the peripheral blood components, i.e. CD14+ monocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes (CD3+), CD80+, C-X-C chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3)+ and CD27+ B lymphocytes (CD19+), CD16+CD56+CD3− natural killer (NK) cells and activated CD56+CD3+ T cells, for association with arthritis development in patients with arthralgia. The gene discussed is CD27; the disease is Arthritis.