Circulating RAGE levels were higher in patients with persistent AF [median sRAGE 1190 (724–2041) pg/ml and median esRAGE 452 (288–932) pg/ml] compared with paroxysmal AF [sRAGE 799 (583–1033) pg/ml and esRAGE 279 (201–433) pg/ml, p ≤ 0.01] or sinus rhythm [sRAGE 782 (576–1039) pg/ml and esRAGE 289 (192–412) pg/ml, p < 0.001]. Here, AGER is linked to Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.