H19 and urinary bladder cancer: Recently, several studies have reported that the H19 gene regulates the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in colorectal cancer and esophageal cancer [10,11] increases bladder cancer metastasis by inhibiting E-cadherin expression [8] and contributes to cardiac fibroblast proliferation and fibrosis through the repression of dual-specificity phosphatase 5 and extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (DUSP5/ERK1/2) [12].