PRKAA1 and Insulin resistance: Recent studies have reported that TNFα infusion into lean animals increases PP2C expression, resulting in a reduction in AMPK signaling, fatty acid oxidation, and the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance [28, 30], but acute incubation of TNFα regulated AMPK activity due to a reduction in the AMP/ATP ratio at least in 3T3L1 adipocytes and in the epithelium-lymphocyte co-culture state [31, 32].