Desai et al. also showed that ISG15 and UBE2E2 (formerly UBCH8) disrupt acinar formation in ductal cell carcinoma by inhibiting F-actin polymerization, as evidenced by the formation of acini by cultured ZR-75-1 breast carcinoma cells in which ISG15 expression was knocked down by short hairpin ISG15 RNA [23]. This evidence concerns the gene ISG15 and breast carcinoma.