TNF and Granuloma: For example, understanding the role of granuloma in pathogenesis (Swaim et al., 2006; Davis and Ramakrishnan, 2009; Ramakrishnan, 2013), role of bacterial efflux pumps in drug resistance (Adams et al., 2011), role of LTA4H in mediating inflammation against mycobacteria (Tobin et al., 2010), induction of necrotic death of infected cells mediated by TNFα (Roca and Ramakrishnan, 2013) and to study the manipulation of macrophage recruitment by mycobacteria (Cambier et al., 2014).