In line with this hypothesis, tubular expression of PAR-1 is markedly up-regulated in patients with chronic allograft nephropathy, and PAR-1 levels correlate with interstitial fibrin deposition, the degree of tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and urinary excretion of transforming growth factor-beta11. This evidence concerns the gene F2R and Crouzon syndrome-acanthosis nigricans syndrome.