Studies done in rodent models of cerebral ischemia show that FTY720 ameliorates the influx of leukocytes in the ischemic brain and reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IFN-γ) and adhesion molecules, such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (38, 41). Here, ICAM1 is linked to brain ischemia.