DCX and Stroke: The NBE-MSC-MVs significantly increased the level of DCX, a reliable marker of neural progenitor cells/neuroblasts, in the lateral ventricles and hippocampal regions of stroke-damaged hemispheres, and there was a comparable increase in DCX-positive cells in the hippocampal region of the ischemic hemisphere in SBE-MSC-MV-treated rats (Supplementary Fig. S3).