MDM2 and cancer: Previous studies have shown that PF induces cancer cell apoptosis in gastric cancer cells, liver cancer cells, ovarian cancer cells and leukemia cells through various mechanisms, such as the modulation of the NF-kB activation pathway, Bcl-2 and Bax expression, or the MDM2-p53 pathway32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38.