TLR4 and Sepsis: TLR signaling can be affected by the cellular redox state, and Nrf2 plays an important role in ROS-mediated TLR4 activation and in modulating TLR4-driven inflammatory responses.34, 35, 36 Nrf2 and TLRs are linked in the regulation of innate immune responses, as Nrf2 maintains redox homeostasis during sepsis and restrains the dysregulation of proinflammatory signaling pathways.37 Both TLR and Nrf2 signaling are activated during inflammation, and TLRs trigger Nrf2 signaling in response to inflammation; however, little is known about the crosstalk between these innate immune components.