ATM and infection: Phosphorylation of p53 at S15, a widely accepted target of ATM kinase [33], was detected at 12 hours post infection and post transfection (Fig 6A and 6B) consistent with the known phenomenon that phosphorylation of p53 at S15 is dependent on ATM (Fig 6A and 6B), which suggests an ATM-related response is involved in our experimental settings.