ATM and infection: In comparison to mock-infected or mock-transfected control cells, we observed increased phosphorylation of ATM, Chk1/2, and CDK1 and decreased phosphorylation of vimentin (Ser 56) and CDC25C and total CDC25C in both ARV-infected and p17-transfected Vero cells 12 hours post infection or post transfection (Fig 4A, 4B and S4 Fig).