TNF and glioma: An anti-TGF-β antibody increased the secretion of TNF-α from HMDMs that were exposed to hypoxia-treated glioma cell supernatants, but ACF did not reverse the expression of M1 TAM cytokines, implying that the anti-M2 effect of ACF is only partly mediated by the inhibition of the hypoxia-inducible production of TGF-β.