Our prior studies demonstrated that the combination of small molecule inhibition of TGFβR with radiation therapy in responsive tumors resulted in a reduction in T regulatory cells in the tumor and efficacy was entirely dependent on CD8 T cells [42]; thus, it is possible that the in vivo function of TGFβ inhibition includes additional mechanisms in addition to, or instead of changing the macrophage response to dying cells. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.