We first examined gene expression profile of pathways that have been widely reported in bladder cancer or squamous-cell carcinoma, such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) (Figure 1c) and epigenetic pathways [24, 25], which are important therapeutic targets for bladder cancer (Supplementary Figure S7) [26, 27], as well as the MAPK, JAK-STAT, Notch, PI3K and VEGF pathways (Supplementary Figure S8-S12). The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is urinary bladder carcinoma.