TNF and acute kidney injury: 2005, Wu et al. 2007). Others report a peri‐tubular hypervelocity of red blood cells (Burban et al. 2013) during CLP‐induced sepsis in rat with a reduction in GFR, which in turn was reversed with noradrenaline infusion. Peri‐tubular capillary dysfunction is suggested to be an early feature of SI‐AKI in mice after CLP (Wang et al. 2012). Reduced tubular flow and impaired peri‐tubular microcirculation resulting in AKI have recently been demonstrated in LPS‐treated mice and are likely TLR4 dependent, but apparently by a pathway independent of TNF‐α (Nakano et al. 2015).