TLR4 mediates reduction in urine output and GFR in a sheep model of E. coli sepsis (Fenhammar et al. 2014). Sepsis causes TLR4 upregulation in the kidney and stimulation results in renal PMN infiltration, release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, glomerular endothelial swelling, tubular ion transport dysfunction and apoptosis. See text for further details and references. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is Sepsis.