TNF and Stroke: As seen in Fig. 3a (left graph), there were increased levels of the following cytokines and chemokines in the lesion in C57BL/6 mice at 24 h post-stroke compared to the equivalent cortical location from control sham mice: G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12 (p70), IP-10, KC (homologue to IL-8 in humans), MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-2A, RANTES, and TNFα.