However, they also suggest that many pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IL-6, RANTES, IL-12 (p70), MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β) [10, 38] remain chronically elevated at low levels within infarcts resolving by liquefactive necrosis, a process that proceeds for an unknown length of time in the human brain following stroke. Here, CCL5 is linked to stroke disorder.