In the liver, FoxO3a−/− mice had significantly reduced expression of various cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-12, TNF and IFN-γ at day 7 post-infection as measured by qRT-PCR; though the expression of SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 were not altered (Supplementary Fig. 1b,c). This evidence concerns the gene SOCS1 and infection.