For example, pretreatment PSA kinetics (but not absolute PSA values) and number of circulating tumor cells have been shown to predict time to castration-resistant progression in patients with advanced disease [5, 6], and serum alkaline phosphatase levels, serum PSA to acid phosphatase ratio, and extent of disease (number of bone lesions and/or involvement of viscera) with overall survival [7–9]. This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and neoplasm.