IGF1 and Alzheimer disease: For example, intranasal insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), erythropoietin and deferoxamine showed protection against stroke in animal models; neuroprotective peptide NAPVSIPQ (also called NAP) was used to treat neurodegeneration; and intranasal insulin improved memory and functioning in patients with Alzheimer’s disease [65,66,67,68,69,70,71].