IGF1 and Hyperglycemia: Numerous stimuli and agonists like transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), angiotensin II (Ang II), hyperglycemia, oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and aldosterone are capable of upregulating the activity and/or the expression of NADPH oxidases, subsequently leading to overproduction of ROS including the immediate product superoxide and the following hydrogen peroxide.