TF and atherosclerosis: Across CpGs 1 and 2, potential TF binding sites include SMAD and KLF, which are involved in heart development and the proliferation of cardiomyocytes [26–28], as well as PPAR, linked to atherosclerosis [29] and ERE, which is important for angiogenesis and modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) [30].