However, cells expressing the TDP-43 plasmid and then treated with the ALS brain and spinal cord extracts, demonstrated significant reduction in cellular viability with brain (*p < 0.05) and spinal cord (**p < 0.01) compared to cells treated with TDP-43 plasmid alone and TDP-43 plasmid plus control (Fig. 5B). Here, TARDBP is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.