LCN2 and systemic lupus erythematosus: These authors demonstrated that NGAL, MCP-1, ceruloplasmin, adiponectin, hematopexin and kidney injury molecule-1 were the best predictors of LN activity status as assessed by the National Institute for Health Activity Index (NIH-AI), leading them to propose a biomarker-based Renal Activity Index for Lupus (RAIL) algorithm [30].