This study therefore aimed to build on previous work [22, 25–27, 31–33] by exploring the most promising candidate urinary biomarkers to date used in combination, namely VCAM-1, MCP-1, NGAL, ceruloplasmin, TF, LPGDS and AGP in a paediatric cohort from the UK (UK JSLE Cohort Study), to assess which novel biomarker combinations can improve the identification of active LN. Here, VCAM1 is linked to lobular neoplasia.