This study therefore aimed to build on previous work [22, 25–27, 31–33] by exploring the most promising candidate urinary biomarkers to date used in combination, namely VCAM-1, MCP-1, NGAL, ceruloplasmin, TF, LPGDS and AGP in a paediatric cohort from the UK (UK JSLE Cohort Study), to assess which novel biomarker combinations can improve the identification of active LN. This evidence concerns the gene TF and lobular neoplasia.