The VigilTM (formerly known as FANGTM) vaccine, which consists of autologous tumor cells transfected with a plasmid vector encoding both granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and a bi-functional shRNA designed to silence expression of the furin convertase that activates both TGFβ1 and TGFβ2, has already been validated in a phase I trial involving patients with various late-stage cancers [159]. Here, CSF2 is linked to cancer.