TGFB1 and cancer: Paradoxically, despite its ability to inhibit cell proliferation, TGFβ1 is highly expressed within the tumor tissue of many cancer patients, as is evidenced by a recent interrogation of The Cancer Genome Atlas using the cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics [33,34], which revealed upregulation of TGFβ1 mRNA levels in tumors from various cancer types (Figure 2).