Mechanistically, activation of GPR30 by G-1 inhibited PCa cell growth through sustained activation of Erk1/2, c-jun/c-fos-dependent upregulation of p21 expression, and downregulation of G2-checkpoint regulators (cyclin A2, cyclin B1, cdc25c, and cdc2) expression by reduced phosphorylation of their common transcriptional factor NF-YA, resulting in arrest of PCa cell growth at G2 phase [224] (Figure 3). Here, FOS is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.