SMAD2 and myelodysplastic syndrome: Furthermore, Galunisertib (LY2157299), a small molecule inhibitor selective for the kinase domain of TGFβ receptor 1 that specifically downregulates the phosphorylation of SMAD2, showed anti-tumour effects in a first clinical trial [73] and is currently being tested in phase 2 in glioblastoma patients and in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes [69].