ELAVL1 and carcinoma: Although HuR is primarily located in the nucleus, its biological function is mainly executed by its translocation to the cytoplasm which can be modulated by numerous stimuli, both endogenous and external such as exposure to ultraviolet radiation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and heat shock [17, 32-35]It has been demonstrated that increased cytoplasmic HuR expression is a poor prognostic factor and is associated with aggressiveness in several types of carcinoma, including those of the lung, colon, esophagus, ovary and breast [36-40].