MDM2 and cancer: While MDM2 and TP53 function within the same pathway, synergistic interactions were found between the minor alleles of MDM2 rs2279744 and TP53 rs1042522 in increasing the risk of colorectal (OR’interaction = 1.52), gastric (ORinteraction = 1.51) and esophageal (OR’interaction = 1.19) cancers [57–59].