Programmed-death (PD) pathway blockade has resulted in significant and durable clinical responses in patients with a broad spectrum of so-called “inflamed cancers”—such as melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, lung cancer, mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancer, and bladder cancer—characterized by a high prevalence of neo-antigens, elevated PD-L1 expression, and robust infiltration of cytotoxic T cells (see review of “inflamed cancer” by Zou et al.)[18]. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and urinary bladder cancer.