CD274 and neoplasm: As the mechanism by which tumor cells escape recognition and elimination by the immune system is being revealed, many single arm studies concerning the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies have been conducted; these have demonstrated that inhibition of the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway shows encouraging results on survival among all NSCLC subtypes.[10,12,14] However, whether anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody therapy could provide added benefits for heavily pretreated patients with advanced NSCLC and whether the efficacy of this treatment relates to the tumor PD-L1 expression level remain unclear.