1980), we found that OVX increased fat mass, body weight, and insulin resistance. However, unlike previous studies, OVX did not increase food intake in our mice, since hyperphagia with OVX is characteristic of rats but not mice (Witte et al. 2010). We and others have shown improvement of insulin action in models of insulin resistance treated with PPT (Lundholm et al. 2008; Gorres et al. 2011a,b), and hormone replacement therapy has been shown to improve insulin resistance in humans (Crespo et al. 2002). Here, INS is linked to Insulin resistance.