IL4 and infection: Several reports have proposed that the resistance pattern or susceptibility to the infection by the Plasmodium is related to the cytokine microenvironment, with resistance to the parasite relying on cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF, IL-12, and GM-CSF, while susceptibility is associated to the IL-10, IL-4 and TGF-β [43, 85].