TLR3 and neoplasm: Recently, phosphorothioate ODN-guided dsRNA (sODN-dsRNA), which triggers selectively TLR3 with no ability to activate RIG-I/MDA5, is reported to be less toxic because of its capability to induce less pro-inflammatory cytokines but mount comparable anti-tumor cellular immunity compared to polyI:C that triggers both TLR3 and RIG-I/MDA5 pathways39.