HLA-E and infection: Immediately following viral infection, at 12 and 24 hours p.i., Qa-1 was significantly upregulated upon both LCMV specific memory CD8+ T cell populations, and, additionally, Qa-1 expression was not reliant upon IFNαβR signaling; both Cre- (white bars) and Cre+ (black bars) CD8+ T cells expressed similar levels of Qa-1 throughout the first 24 hours of infection (Fig 4D & 4E).