Quantification of the mean immunofluorescence intensity of cultures immunostained for IL-6 and TNF-α proteins (Fig. 1e–g, graph q and h–j, graph r, respectively), confirmed the increased expression of both these proteins in the ALS subset after 48 h as compared to the NC as well as the disease (NALS) controls (*p < 0.05 NC and ##p < 0.01 NALS v/s ALS). Here, TNF is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.