By contrast, no significant change of the plasma levels of glucagon, which has been reported to affect Bmal1 transcription15, was observed at Day3-ZT16 and ZT4 (Supplementary Fig. 4f) when insulin levels were strikingly different between AF and RF mice, which may be due to a relatively short fasting period and food overconsumption during feeding times. Here, INS is linked to atrial fibrillation.