INS and atherosclerosis: Recently, VSL#3 showed promising potential in the arena of atherosclerosis—it improved insulin signaling and protected against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice with DSS-induced colitis (Mencarelli et al. 2012a); clinically, it significantly improved dyslipidemia profile in overweight adults (Lopez-Mejias et al. 2014) and in critically ill patients (Sanaie et al. 2013).