Mitochondria-associated ROS are involved in the dysregulation of lipid metabolism and insulin resistance44, 45, although no impairments in mitochondrial function have been observed with the activation of the two major ER stress pathways (PERK/eIF2α and IRE1/XBP1) in a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model46. The gene discussed is ERN1; the disease is alcoholic fatty liver disease.