Similar results were reported for immunomodulatory compound Vilon® (synthetic thymic peptide), which also exerts immunomodulatory efficacy: in-vitro Vilon® increased expression of receptors on T- and B-lymphocytes in patients with secondary immuno-deficiencies and induced production of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α [34]. Here, IL1A is linked to immunodeficiency disease.