These 9 kinases are not currently readily recognized as therapeutic targets in ccRCC and include EPHB2, AURKA, GSG2, IKBKE, MELK, CSK, CHEK2, CDC7 and MAP3K8. The study also highlights the substantial molecular heterogeneity of this disease, as no single kinase gene appeared dominant [14, 20, 21]. Here, CHEK2 is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.