INS and rheumatoid arthritis: MSCs have also been proposed as a treatment for autoimmune diseases.[42] The intravenous injection of MSCs into diabetic nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice resulted in an increased number of pancreatic islets and insulin-producing ß cells.[43] Indeed, MSCs have been used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and multiple sclerosis (MS).