INS and gestational diabetes: qRTPCR of insulin DNA in PRG and GDM groups showed a significant ~7.5-fold decrease in β cell loss in GDM (Fig. 2a; Demethylation index: PRG = 7.74 × 10−3 ± 3.09 × 10−3, GDM = 1.01 × 10−3 ± 5.86 × 10−4, ANOVA, p < 0.05), while DMI levels did not differ between PRG and NP women (PRG = 7.74 × 10−3 ± 3.09 × 10−3, NP = 4.53 × 10−3 ± 1.62 × 10−3, NP vs. PRG).