INS and Insulin resistance: In T3D, lack of brain-based insulin production or the presence of brain-based insulin resistance (Biessels et al., 1998; Lannert and Hoyer, 1998; Kodl and Seaquist, 2008) precipitates memory dysfunction with symptomatology that overlaps that of Alzheimer’s disease (Gasparini et al., 2001; Steen et al., 2005; Deng et al., 2009).